It is a configuration of 15 solar modules, where 8 modules are connected in parallel for off-grid systems, and 7 modules are connected in series for on-grid systems. These modules function to convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.

This component is used to measure and record the amount of electrical energy generated by the PV system and fed into the grid.

The inverter in the on-grid system is responsible for converting the direct current (DC) generated by the solar panels into alternating current (AC) used to power electrical devices in the laboratory or to be fed into the grid. The inverter ensures that the electricity generated by the PV system is in line with the standard electrical system

This panel is used for the placement of the Solar controller, Bidirectional Inverter, Battery, AC and DC protection components, as well as monitoring and control components. The panel is equipped with a main/separator switch, Mini Circuit Breaker (MCB) for current limiting, terminal switch, and busbar.

These are artificial loads or simulated loads used to test and validate the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems without the need for actual equipment. By simulating different loads on the PV system, such as constant power or load variation, testing can be performed to evaluate the system's response to load changes. The dummy load in the PV laboratory consists of resistors and lights

The inverter in the on-grid system is responsible for converting the direct current (DC) generated by the solar panels into alternating current (AC) used to power electrical devices in the laboratory or to be fed into the grid. The inverter ensures that the electricity generated by the PV system is in line with the standard electrical system.

It is a panel or display that serves as the central control and monitoring for the PV system in the laboratory. The control panel allows laboratory personnel to track and analyze the performance of the PV system in real-time. It provides data on energy production, battery and inverter characteristics, as well as switch settings for dummy loads

The bidirectional inverter in the off-grid system is responsible for converting the direct current (DC) generated by the solar panels into alternating current (AC) used to power electrical devices in the laboratory or to be fed into the grid. Conversely, the inverter can convert alternating current (AC) from the grid into direct current (DC) used to charge the battery

It refers to devices and systems used to connect and communicate between components in the PV system, system monitoring, and users.

These components are used to store excess electrical energy generated by the PV system. The stored energy reserve can be used during periods of low sunlight or when the electricity demand exceeds the direct output from the solar panels.

These are passive components with specific resistances. The load consists of two different sizes, namely 2 kW and 3 kW. In the dummy load, resistors are used to simulate constant power loads or load variations in the PV system. The resistance of the resistors is chosen to allow for the desired current setting in load simulations.

These components are part of the dummy load in the PV laboratory. There are 6 lights, each with a power rating of 100 watts. The lights are installed as loads to simulate varying power consumption in the PV system.

This component is used to measure and record the amount of electrical energy generated by the PV system and fed into the grid.